Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors

The complexity of the odours issue arises from the sensory nature of smell. From the evolutionary point of view olfaction is one of the oldest senses, allowing for seeking food, recognizing danger or communication: human olfaction is a protective sense as it allows the detection of potential illnesses or infections by taking into account the odour pleasantness/unpleasantness. Odours are mixtures of light and small molecules that, coming in contact with various human sensory systems, also at very low concentrations in the inhaled air, are able to stimulate an anatomical response: the experienced perception is the odour. Odour assessment is a key point in some industrial production processes (i.e., food, beverages, etc.) and it is acquiring steady importance in unusual technological fields (i.e., indoor air quality); this issue mainly concerns the environmental impact of various industrial activities (i.e., tanneries, refineries, slaughterhouses, distilleries, civil and industrial wastewater treatment plants, landfills and composting plants) as sources of olfactory nuisances, the top air pollution complaint. Although the human olfactory system is still regarded as the most important and effective “analytical instrument” for odour evaluation, the demand for more objective analytical methods, along with the discovery of materials with chemo-electronic properties, has boosted the development of sensor-based machine olfaction potentially imitating the biological system. This review examines the state of the art of both human and instrumental sensing currently used for the detection of odours. The olfactometric techniques employing a panel of trained experts are discussed and the strong and weak points of odour assessment through human detection are highlighted. The main features and the working principles of modern electronic noses (E-Noses) are then described, focusing on their better performances for environmental analysis. Odour emission monitoring carried out through both the techniques is finally reviewed in order to show the complementary responses of human and instrumental sensing

Autopercepción del estilo de humor en profesores, en correlación con la percepción que tienen los estudiantes de los niveles octavo año básico a segundo año medio del Colegio Antimanque durante el año 2018

Tesis (Psicopedagogo, Licenciado en Educación)This study arises from the need to generate research that provides information on the assessment of the use of humor in the educational context, through knowledge of the benefits it provides in this context. The objective of the research is to identify the distance between the self- perception of the teacher's style of humor, the perception of their students and the value they give to the use of it in the educational context. The research was conducted at the Antimanque School in Peñaflor district, using a sample of 103 students and 5 teachers. Each grade answered the “Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ)”, adapted in Chile, which focused particulary in one teacher of each grade, in addition to four open questions where answers were organized into six categories. To examine the results, a quantitative analysis was carried out, the results of which show that there are no significant distances between students' perception and teachers' self- perception, because none identifies the use of a particular humor style. However, in the evaluation of the open questions we show that both, teachers and students value positively the use of humor in the classroom.El presente estudio surge de la necesidad de generar investigaciones que proporcionen información sobre la valoración del uso del humor en el contexto educativo, por medio del conocimiento de los beneficios que éste aporta en dicho contexto. El objetivo de la investigación es identificar la distancia entre la autopercepción del estilo de humor del profesor, con la percepción de sus estudiantes y la valoración que le dan al uso de éste en el contexto educativo. La investigación fue realizada en el Colegio Antimanque de la comuna de Peñaflor, utilizando una muestra de 103 alumnos y 5 profesores. Para examinar los resultados se realizó un análisis cuantitativo, cuyos resultados evidencian que no existen distancias significativas entre percepción de los alumnos y autopercepción profesores, debido a que ninguno identifica la utilización de un estilo de humor en particular. Sin embargo, en la valoración de las preguntas abiertas nos demuestran que tanto profesores como alumnos valoran positivamente el uso del humor en el aula

Meta-analysis of the effects of venous super-drainage in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps for breast reconstruction

Venous congestion is the most common vascular complication of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps. Adding a second venous drainage by anastomosing a flap vein and a recipient vein (super-drainage) is considered the solution of choice. Evidence to support this procedure, had not yet been confirmed by an analysis of the literature. We aimed to provide this evidence

Meta-analysis of the effects of venous super-drainage in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps for breast reconstruction

INTRODUCTION: Venous congestion is the most common vascular complication of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps. Adding a second venous drainage by anastomosing a flap vein and a recipient vein (super-drainage) is considered the solution of choice. Evidence to support this procedure, had not yet been confirmed by an analysis of the literature. We aimed to provide this evidence.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched the literature (MedLine, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar), for studies discussing venous congestion and venous super-drainage in DIEP flap for breast reconstruction. Thirteen of the 35 articles compared results between one or two venous anastomoses. Meta-analysis was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Pooled risk ratio (RRs) for congestion, fat necrosis, partial necrosis, and total necrosis with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a fixed-effect model with the Mantel-Haenszel method. The need to return to surgery (95% CI) was estimated with a random effect model using the DerSimonian and Liard method.RESULTS: We showed a statistically significant advantage of super-drainage to reduce the venous congestion of the flap (RR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04-0.34, p-value <.001), partial flap necrosis (RR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30-0.84, p-value .008), total flap necrosis (RR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11-0.85, p-value .023), and the need to take the patient back to surgery for perfusion-related complications (RR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21-0.99, p value .048).CONCLUSIONS: Performing a second venous anastomosis between the SIEV and a recipient vein (venous superdrainage) reduces venous congestion and related complications in DIEP flaps for breast reconstruction

Factors associated with the intention to participate in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials: A cross-sectional study in Peru

Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with the intention to participate in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials in the Peruvian population. Methods: Cross-sectional study and secondary analysis of a database that involved Peruvian population during September 2020. The Poisson regression model was used to estimate the associated factors. Results: Data from 3231 individuals were analyzed, 44.1% of whom intended to participate in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. Factors associated with the outcome were being male (RPa: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.15–1.35), being from the highlands region (RPa: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.09–1.28) or jungle (RPa: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.15–1.47), having a relative that is a healthcare professional (PRa: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06–1.28), using a medical source of information (PRa: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.17–1.41), and trusting in the possible effectiveness of vaccines (PRa: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.29–1.51). The main reason for not participating in the trial was the possibility of developing side effects (69.80%). Conclusion: There is an urgent need to generate a perception of safety in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, to increase the population's intention to participate in these studies, and to provide evidence-based information about the vaccine.Revisión por pare

Perineal Hernia in a Bitch

Background: Perineal hernia is characterized by the displacement of abdominal organs to the perineal region after rupture or weakening of the pelvic diaphragm muscles. This condition is common among middle-aged and elderly unneutered male dogs. Considering the severity of the condition and its rarity among bitches, this paper reports on a case of perineal hernia caused by hydrometra in a 12-year-old pinscher bitch.Case: The patient was a 12-year-old Pinscher bitch, weighing 3 kg, suffering from anuria and constipation in the 36 h prior to treatment, without reported trauma. She was unspayed, and her last estrus had occurred approximately thirty days previously. The physical examination revealed an increase in volume in the right perineal region, increased volume in the left inguinal region, increased body temperature (39.8ºC), pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominal pain and increased popliteal lymph nodes. The diagnosis was determined based on her medical history, clinical signs and an ultrasound scan, which revealed dilated uterine horns displaced unilaterally in the left inguinal region, with evidence of hydrometra, full urinary bladder inside the hernia sac in the right dorsolateral perineal region and right kidney pyelectasis. After evaluating the animal’s physical condition, surgery was recommended, involving ovariohysterectomy associated with inguinal and perineal herniorrhaphy.Discussion: Perineal hernia, a common condition in male dogs, is characterized by the displacement of organs towards the perineal region. However, in this case, this condition occurred in female dog. Unlike males, the main causes of perineal hernia in females are trauma, chronic coughing related to heart disease, bronchitis, and tracheal collapse. Increased intra-abdominal pressure associated with a weak pelvic diaphragm predisposes for herniation of abdominal contents, such as occurred through hydrometra. In this case, other factors that could pertain to the etiology of perineal hernia were excluded, given the absence of trauma or secondary diseases. The diagnosis was made based on a physical examination and ultrasound scan. Pre-surgical biochemical blood tests were also performed. The chosen treatment was ovariohysterectomy followed by inguinal and perineal herniorrhaphy. The traditional surgical procedure to reduce the perineal hernia was employed, using approximation sutures due to the easy apposition of wound edges. The structures and soft tissues involved showed no changes in color or texture, thus obviating the need for more elaborate techniques, which are employed in the case of relapse or muscle atrophy. The patient showed clinical evolution after surgical correction, with decreased perineal volume and recovery of urinary function (normuria). The patient was discharged after 72 h, and six months after the surgical procedure, she presented no clinical alteration, according to information provided in a telephone call by her owner. It is believed that the increase in volume caused by the presence of hydrometra was the determining factor for the development of inguinal and perineal hernias. It is suggested that alterations causing uterine enlargement be investigated in order to include perineal hernia in female dogs as a differential diagnostic tool

Percepciones e intención de los padres de vacunar a sus hijos menores de 12 años contra la COVID-19: Estudio transversal en Perú

Objectives: To evaluate the perceptions and intention of parents to vaccinate their children under 12 years of age. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study based on an online survey that collected the parents’ perception on the risk of their children getting COVID-19, on the need of vaccination and on the development of adverse events related to the vaccine. We evaluated the factors associated with the intention to vaccinate through crude (cPR) and adjusted prevalence rates (aPR), with confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%) Results: 83.5% of respondents had the intention of vaccinating their children under 12 years of age. In the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with an decrease in the intention to vaccinate were to think that the vaccine is not necessary (aPR 0.65; 95% CI 0.44 – 0.94), that it would not protect (aPR: 0.14; 95% CI 0.03 – 0.63) , that it would not be safe (aPR: 0.80; 95% CI 0.70 – 0.92) and that it would cause long-term side effects (aPR: 0.92; 95% CI 0.85 – 1.00). On the other hand, living on the highlands or jungle was associated with an increase on the intention. Conclusions: In Peru, 16.5% of parents would not vaccinate their children under 12 years of age, because they perceive that the vaccine is not necessary and would not protect against COVID-19. In addition, they expressed concerns about the development of possible adverse events.Objetivos: Evaluar las percepciones e intención de los padres de vacunar a sus hijos menores de 12 años en Perú. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico a partir de una encuesta en línea (25 de noviembre al 6 de diciembre del 2021) para padres de niños menores de 12 años que recopiló la percepción sobre el riesgo de contagio por COVID-19 en sus hijos, sobre la necesidad de vacunación y sobre los eventos adversos relacionados con la vacuna. Evaluamos los factores asociados a la intención de vacunación mediante razones de prevalencia crudas (RPc) y ajustadas (RPa) con intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: El 83.5% de los padres tenían la intención de vacunar a sus hijos menores de 12 años. En el análisis multivariado, los factores asociados a una disminución de la intención de vacunación fueron pensar que la vacuna no es necesaria (RPa: 0.65; IC 95% 0.44 – 0,94), que no protegería (RPa: 0.14; IC 95% 0.03 – 0.63), que no sería segura (RPa: 0.80; IC 95% 0.70 – 0.92) y que ocasionaría efectos negativos a largo plazo (RPa: 0.92; IC 95% 0.85 – 1.00). Por otro lado, residir en la Selva (RPa: 1.09; IC 95%: 1.03 – 1.15) o en la Sierra (RPa: 1.06; IC 95%: 1.00 – 1.11) se asoció a una mayor prevalencia de intención. Conclusiones: En Perú, un 16.5% de padres no vacunaría a sus hijos menores de 12 años, ya que perciben que la vacuna no es necesaria y no protegería contra la COVID-19, además de tener la preocupación de posibles eventos adversos

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives : data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population.Peer reviewe

EVOLUÇÃO DAS POLÍTICAS RELACIONADAS À SAÚDE DA CRIANÇA NO ÂMBITO DA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Introdução: As políticas públicas são essenciais para reduzir a morbimortalidade infantil. Este estudo descreve a evolução das políticas relacionadas à atenção à criança no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Brasil, implementadas desde a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Metodologia: Revisão narrativa da literatura com base nos principais marcos regulatórios com influência direta ou indireta na Atenção à Saúde da Criança (ACS) na APS, publicados entre 1990 e 2017. Resultados: Foram analisados ​​31 documentos oficiais, organizados em uma linha do tempo e classificados em três categorias: I) Normas do SUS e da APS; II) diretrizes para os serviços de saúde materno-infantil no âmbito da APS; e, III) políticas intersetoriais. Conclusão:A evolução das políticas de CSC no Brasil é marcada por uma série de conquistas em prol da ampliação dos direitos sociais e da garantia do direito à saúde que ampliou o acesso aos serviços de saúde e contribuiu para a melhoria das condições de vida e de vida das crianças. No entanto, as desigualdades sociais e os desafios no acesso e qualidade da atenção na APS são persistentes, com retrocessos causados ​​pela implementação de medidas de austeridade desde 2016.Introdução: Políticas públicas são fundamentais para a redução da morbimortalidade na infância. O presente estudo descreve uma evolução política relacionada à Atenção Primária à Saúde da Criança no âmbito da Atenção Primária Saúde (APS) no Brasil, desde a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Metodologia: Revisão narrativa da literatura com base nos principais marcos normativos com influência na Atenção à Saúde da Criança no âmbito da APS, publicados entre 1990 e 2017. Resultados: Foram analisados 31 documentos oficiais, distribuídos numa linha do tempo, classificados em: I) normatização do SUS e da APS; II) orientação aos serviços de saúde materno-infantil no âmbito da APS e III) políticas intersetoriais. Conclusão: A evolução das políticas pensadas no Brasil está marcada para serviços e como soluções da série de direitos sociais e como possibilidades de vistas da vida. Porém, além das desigualdades sociais, desafios no acesso e na qualidade do cuidado na APS se fazem persistentes, com retrocessos são persistentes agravados com a capacidade de trabalhar1 em medidas de austeridade curso desde 206